Romania has a wide range of renewable resources: hydro-energy, biomass, solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy sources. However, they are currently virtually unexploited, except fro hydro-energy which is converted into power both in small and large hydropower plants.
Romania’s hydropower economic potential in the short run is 23 - 25 TWh, with an installed power of 8,000 MW. In 2005, the utilization degree of the economic hydro-energy potential reached 80%, while there are underway hydro-energy construction works summing up an installed power of 600 MW with a production potential of 1,870 GWh per annum.
As regards biomass, there is an energy potential of 7,594 thou toe/year, broken down as follows: 15.5% forest exploitation waste and fire wood, 6.4% sawdust and other wood waste, 63.2% agricultural waste, 7.2% household waste and 7.7% biogas.
The solar energy potential of Romania is estimated at 1,100 kWh/m2 per annum (average solar energy quantity received in horizontal plane per annum). Solar – thermal systems’ potential in Romania is estimated at approximately 1,434 thou toe per annum while photovoltaic systems’ potential is estimated at 1,200 GWh per annum.
The wind energy potential is currently estimated 23,000 GWh per annum, while the geothermal potential of Romania is of 167 thou toe/year (low enthalpy resources), of which only 30 thou toe/year are currently utilized.
Romania has adopted the “green certificates” mechanism for encouraging production of electrical energy from renewable energy sources and, currently, there is a functioning market on which “green certificates” are purchased and sold. The following compulsory quotas have been established, as % of annual gross consumption of electrical energy: 2.2% for year 2006, 3.74% for 2007, 5.26% for 2008, 6.78% for 2009 and 8.4% starting with year 2010.Romania has adopted the “green certificates” mechanism for encouraging production of electrical energy from renewable energy sources and, currently, there is a functioning market on which “green certificates” are purchased and sold. The following compulsory quotas have been established, as % of annual gross consumption of electrical energy: 2.2% for year 2006, 3.74% for 2007, 5.26% for 2008, 6.78% for 2009 and 8.4% starting with year 2010.
Romania will promote usage of renewable energy sources by implementing mechanisms for supporting production of energy using these sources (including production of thermal energy and hot water for household consumption), by continuously developing the green certificates market and by attracting private capital investment in this sector.
It has been estimated that the needed investments for usage of renewable energy sources in years 2006-2009 are approximately 500 million EUR.
Another important measure is promoting biofuels instead of classic fuels for transport, since, by 2007, Romania must reach a minimum 2% usage share of biofuels and other renewable fuels out of the overall volume of gasoline and diesel fuels used for transport. Moreover, by 2010 a 5.75% usage share of biofuels and other renewable fuels must be reached.
So far, many foreign and locally owned private companies have expressed their interest in building refineries for biofuel production, which are estimated to generate over 700,000 tonnes of biodiesel and bioethanol per annum.
Although wind energy technologies have already reached maturity worldwide, the weight of electrical power generated from wind energy out of the total energy balance in Romania is still way below the country’s real potential. Romania has a temperate continental climate, with a high wind energy potential in areas such as the Black Sea shore, the Moldova and Dobrogea plateaus (mild climate) or the mountain areas (rough climate). 5 wind energy potential areas have been identified on Romania’s territory, based on the energy potential and on the environmental and topographical conditions. The wind potential map was drawn up considering the energy potential of wind sources at a 50 meters altitude and based on meteo-geographical data and information collected from year 1990 to the present.
Considering the analysis of all gathered data, wind systems / installations that could be set up on Romania’s territory would total up an installed power of maximum 14,000 MW, bringing a contribution of approximately 23,000 GWh / year of electrical energy. The seashore and offshore areas have an exploitable wind energy potential of approximately 2,000 MW, with and an electrical energy production of 4,500 GWh per annum.
However, in order to efficiently benefit from the wind energy potential, adequate technologies and equipment are required (wind turbines with a nominal power from 750kW to 2,000 kW).
zaterdag 16 oktober 2010
Solar energy potential in Romania
Solar energy potential is given by the average solar energy quantity received in horizontal plane which is estimated at approximately 1,100 kWh/m2 per annum in Romania.
Romania’s solar radiation map was drawn up considering the average, multi-annual data registered by the Romanian National Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, processed and correlated with physical field observations and measurements conducted by specialized institutes. Considering the level of the registered solar energy flow, 5 geographical areas have been identified in Romania.
The area with the highest exploitation potential of solar energy is the Black Sea shore, where solar radiation intensity exceeds 1,250 kWh/m2 per annum. However, areas with a lower intensity of solar radiation may also benefit from solar energy, since passive solar systems can function efficiently in such low intensity areas too (for example the Northern Transylvania or Moldavia areas).
Solar – thermal systems’ potential contribution to necessary household heat and hot water supply in Romania is estimated at approximately 1,434 thou toe per annum (60x106 GJ /year), which could cover 50% of the overall household hot water volume or 15% of the needed thermal energy for household heating purposes.
Given Romania’s meteo-solar climate, a solar - thermal panel can function, within normal safety parameters, from March until October, at conversion levels ranging between 40% and 90%. Moreover, solar panels can also function efficiently in a hybrid regime with both conventional and unconventional thermal systems. In Romania, solar – thermal systems are most frequently used in individual dwellings for water heating processes.
Passive solar systems are usually incorporated in the building’s envelope, most of the construction materials being conventional. In a thermal rehabilitation work and under normal conditions, the average additional cost for the embedded materials in the new building increases by maximum 20% (for renovated buildings).
Solar energy is converted into electrical energy using photovoltaic installations consisting of solar modules of different configurations and dimensions. Romania’s exploitable potential for electrical energy generation by photovoltaic systems is approximately 1,200 GWh per annum.
The investment cost for photovoltaic systems has decreased gradually over the past few decades, the price of a solar module currently reaching approximately 6 $ / 1 installed Watt. The price for electrical energy generated by photovoltaic systems ranges between 25-50 cents/kWh. Therefore, photovoltaic systems are an attractive alternative for isolated consumers and for low consumption levels, considering the high price of connecting to the National Electrical Grid.
Romania’s solar radiation map was drawn up considering the average, multi-annual data registered by the Romanian National Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, processed and correlated with physical field observations and measurements conducted by specialized institutes. Considering the level of the registered solar energy flow, 5 geographical areas have been identified in Romania.
The area with the highest exploitation potential of solar energy is the Black Sea shore, where solar radiation intensity exceeds 1,250 kWh/m2 per annum. However, areas with a lower intensity of solar radiation may also benefit from solar energy, since passive solar systems can function efficiently in such low intensity areas too (for example the Northern Transylvania or Moldavia areas).
Solar – thermal systems’ potential contribution to necessary household heat and hot water supply in Romania is estimated at approximately 1,434 thou toe per annum (60x106 GJ /year), which could cover 50% of the overall household hot water volume or 15% of the needed thermal energy for household heating purposes.
Given Romania’s meteo-solar climate, a solar - thermal panel can function, within normal safety parameters, from March until October, at conversion levels ranging between 40% and 90%. Moreover, solar panels can also function efficiently in a hybrid regime with both conventional and unconventional thermal systems. In Romania, solar – thermal systems are most frequently used in individual dwellings for water heating processes.
Passive solar systems are usually incorporated in the building’s envelope, most of the construction materials being conventional. In a thermal rehabilitation work and under normal conditions, the average additional cost for the embedded materials in the new building increases by maximum 20% (for renovated buildings).
Solar energy is converted into electrical energy using photovoltaic installations consisting of solar modules of different configurations and dimensions. Romania’s exploitable potential for electrical energy generation by photovoltaic systems is approximately 1,200 GWh per annum.
The investment cost for photovoltaic systems has decreased gradually over the past few decades, the price of a solar module currently reaching approximately 6 $ / 1 installed Watt. The price for electrical energy generated by photovoltaic systems ranges between 25-50 cents/kWh. Therefore, photovoltaic systems are an attractive alternative for isolated consumers and for low consumption levels, considering the high price of connecting to the National Electrical Grid.
Potential of biomass energy in Romania
Considering Romania’s topo-geographic conditions, it is estimated that Romania has a high biomass energy potential of approximately 7,594 thou toe / year (318x109 MJ/an), broken down by fuel type as follows:
•1,175 thou toe (49.8x109 MJ/year) from firewood and forest exploitation waste.
• 487 thou toe (20.4x109 MJ/year) from wood waste – sawdust and other wood waste.
• 4,799 thou toe (200.9x109 MJ/year) from agricultural waste (cereal waste, vine waste, etc.).
• 588 thou toe (24.6x109 MJ/an) from biogas.
• 545 thou toe (22.8x109MJ/an) from household waste in urban areas.
Our map outlines Romania’s biomass potential, actual biomass consumption and number of inhabitants, by county.
Approximately 54% of biomass based thermal energy production in Romania is generated by forest exploitation waste burning, whereas 89% of thermal energy used for heating and food preparation in rural areas results from consumption of vegetal waste.
The current biomass consumption includes several types of fuels with the following destinations:
•Around 550 industrial steam and hot water boilers for industrial heating (wood based fuel).
•Approximately 10 hot water boilers of 0.7 MW and 7.0 MW installed power (comprising an overall 45MW installed power) for urban heating (wood waste based fuel).
•Approximately 14 million stoves or wood / agricultural waste ovens for heating individual dwellings or preparation of food.
Several projects have been implemented, in order to encourage using biomass instead of conventional fuels, such as:
• “Support for the implementation of renewable energy sources” project developed between years 1998 and 1999 and financed through Phare - EU program. The objective of the project was to underline the replacement value of fossil fuels with biomass in thermal energy production.
• The “Sawdust 2000” program, which was based on the agreement between The Romanian Ministry of Waters and Environment Protection and the Denmark Kingdom’s Ministry of the Environment. The objective of the project was reducing the level of uncontrolled sawdust deposits and other wood waste, thus diminishing the impact of wood processing on the environment. The project was financed by the local authorities of the 5 cities where the project was implemented, through the PHARE program (The European Community Fund for Economic and Social Cohesion), through The Special Fund for Energy Development and through the Danish Government.
Generally speaking, projects for biomass exploitation are very attractive due to the lower price of thermal energy obtained this way as compared to that of energy obtained from fossil fuels. However, Romania’s biomass consumption has decreased over the past 10 years, due to the extension of natural gas and LPG distribution networks and consumption.
•1,175 thou toe (49.8x109 MJ/year) from firewood and forest exploitation waste.
• 487 thou toe (20.4x109 MJ/year) from wood waste – sawdust and other wood waste.
• 4,799 thou toe (200.9x109 MJ/year) from agricultural waste (cereal waste, vine waste, etc.).
• 588 thou toe (24.6x109 MJ/an) from biogas.
• 545 thou toe (22.8x109MJ/an) from household waste in urban areas.
Our map outlines Romania’s biomass potential, actual biomass consumption and number of inhabitants, by county.
Approximately 54% of biomass based thermal energy production in Romania is generated by forest exploitation waste burning, whereas 89% of thermal energy used for heating and food preparation in rural areas results from consumption of vegetal waste.
The current biomass consumption includes several types of fuels with the following destinations:
•Around 550 industrial steam and hot water boilers for industrial heating (wood based fuel).
•Approximately 10 hot water boilers of 0.7 MW and 7.0 MW installed power (comprising an overall 45MW installed power) for urban heating (wood waste based fuel).
•Approximately 14 million stoves or wood / agricultural waste ovens for heating individual dwellings or preparation of food.
Several projects have been implemented, in order to encourage using biomass instead of conventional fuels, such as:
• “Support for the implementation of renewable energy sources” project developed between years 1998 and 1999 and financed through Phare - EU program. The objective of the project was to underline the replacement value of fossil fuels with biomass in thermal energy production.
• The “Sawdust 2000” program, which was based on the agreement between The Romanian Ministry of Waters and Environment Protection and the Denmark Kingdom’s Ministry of the Environment. The objective of the project was reducing the level of uncontrolled sawdust deposits and other wood waste, thus diminishing the impact of wood processing on the environment. The project was financed by the local authorities of the 5 cities where the project was implemented, through the PHARE program (The European Community Fund for Economic and Social Cohesion), through The Special Fund for Energy Development and through the Danish Government.
Generally speaking, projects for biomass exploitation are very attractive due to the lower price of thermal energy obtained this way as compared to that of energy obtained from fossil fuels. However, Romania’s biomass consumption has decreased over the past 10 years, due to the extension of natural gas and LPG distribution networks and consumption.
dinsdag 12 oktober 2010
zaterdag 9 oktober 2010
Legea Parteneriatului public-privat (PPP) elimina complet licitatiile
Parlamentul a votat o forma finala a legii Parteneriatului public-privat (PPP) care elimina complet licitatia ca procedura de lucru, inlocuind-o cu negocierea. Parlamentarii au ignorat cererile presedintelui Basescu, care trimisese legea spre reexaminare tocmai pentru ca actul legislativ impune arbitrariul negocierilor in relatia dintre autoritatile publice si partenerii privati.
Legea a fost deja publicata in Monitorul Oficial (marti, 5 octombrie), astfel incit de-acum ne putem astepta ca lucrarile publice (infrastructura de transport, infrastructura informatica, infrastructura energetica, centrale etc.) sa se desfasoare dupa un scenariu care, eliminind licitatia transparenta, lasa loc abuzurilor.
"Erevoltator. Legea scuteste procedurile de achizitii publice si concesiuni de orice forma de procedura concurentiala daca esti destul de destept sa o incadrezi drept Parteneriat Public-Privat (PPP). Practic, iti selectezi "partenerul", negociezi putin si semnezi contractul", spunea Sorin Ionita, directorul SAR, in iunie 2010, cind legea plecase spre promulgare la Presedintie. Atunci, HotNews.ro a fost printre putinele institutii de presa care au scris despre legea care a intrunit cvasi-unanimitatea Parlamentului.
Intre timp, presedintele a retrimis legea catre Parlament, cerind eliminarea citorva articole-cheie. Parlamentul a votat insa o versiune finala care pastreaza caracterul arbitrar al selectarii partenerilor privati.
Care sint marile brese create de lege:
1. Eliminarea licitatiilor si inlocuirea lor cu negocierea. Este consfintita de Art. 14 din lege, care arata ca negocierea este modalitatea de desemnare a partenerului privat.
2. Categoriile de lucrari carora li se poate aplica Legea PPP. Legea este foarte vaga si arata doar citeva exceptii, fara a institui o regula clara de aplicabilitate. (Vezi art. 44, care spune ca in anumite conditii prevederile Legii PPP se pot aplica si la "activitatile relevante definite prin Ordonanta de Urgenta 34/2006", adica OUG-ul care reglementa pina acum achizitiile publice).
Legea a fost deja publicata in Monitorul Oficial (marti, 5 octombrie), astfel incit de-acum ne putem astepta ca lucrarile publice (infrastructura de transport, infrastructura informatica, infrastructura energetica, centrale etc.) sa se desfasoare dupa un scenariu care, eliminind licitatia transparenta, lasa loc abuzurilor.
"Erevoltator. Legea scuteste procedurile de achizitii publice si concesiuni de orice forma de procedura concurentiala daca esti destul de destept sa o incadrezi drept Parteneriat Public-Privat (PPP). Practic, iti selectezi "partenerul", negociezi putin si semnezi contractul", spunea Sorin Ionita, directorul SAR, in iunie 2010, cind legea plecase spre promulgare la Presedintie. Atunci, HotNews.ro a fost printre putinele institutii de presa care au scris despre legea care a intrunit cvasi-unanimitatea Parlamentului.
Intre timp, presedintele a retrimis legea catre Parlament, cerind eliminarea citorva articole-cheie. Parlamentul a votat insa o versiune finala care pastreaza caracterul arbitrar al selectarii partenerilor privati.
Care sint marile brese create de lege:
1. Eliminarea licitatiilor si inlocuirea lor cu negocierea. Este consfintita de Art. 14 din lege, care arata ca negocierea este modalitatea de desemnare a partenerului privat.
2. Categoriile de lucrari carora li se poate aplica Legea PPP. Legea este foarte vaga si arata doar citeva exceptii, fara a institui o regula clara de aplicabilitate. (Vezi art. 44, care spune ca in anumite conditii prevederile Legii PPP se pot aplica si la "activitatile relevante definite prin Ordonanta de Urgenta 34/2006", adica OUG-ul care reglementa pina acum achizitiile publice).
cibr morning memo update on romanian logistics and retail special
Camera Imobiliara Belgia Romania nr. 10 /2010 – contact us at www.cibr.be
Index:
1. Employ Romanian workers in Belgium, The
Netherlands, Germany or any EU country and save 1000
to 2500 Euro per month per worker
2. Investments in Logistics in Romania and industrial investments in Romania
3. Crisis and retailer expansion
4. Lead generating by the chamber might be something for you ?
5. Venture capitalist buys Romanian companies
6. Top locations for industrial investment, retail/commercial, tourism and residential
7. Cibr linking partners
download the pdf in attachment !
Index:
1. Employ Romanian workers in Belgium, The
Netherlands, Germany or any EU country and save 1000
to 2500 Euro per month per worker
2. Investments in Logistics in Romania and industrial investments in Romania
3. Crisis and retailer expansion
4. Lead generating by the chamber might be something for you ?
5. Venture capitalist buys Romanian companies
6. Top locations for industrial investment, retail/commercial, tourism and residential
7. Cibr linking partners
download the pdf in attachment !
Romanian companies for sale - invest romania - romanian srl
We have several companies for sale that comply with the criteria to ask for structural funds - so gain 1 year or more by buying the shares - the companies are clean - we will do all actions for you and defend your interest as a client
•srl (ltd) for sale in constanta
•srl for sale in craiova
•another srl for sale in craiova
Avem de vanzare mai multe companii care indeplinesc conditiile pentru a solicita fonduri structurale - deci, se poate castiga 1 an sau mai mult prin cumpararea actiunilor - companiile sunt in regula (curate) - vom face toate operatiunile pentru dumneavoastra si va vom apara interesele in calitate de client.
•srl de vanzare in constanta,
•srl de vanzare in craiova,
•un alt srl de vanzare in craiova.
contact frjacobs@telenet.be
•srl (ltd) for sale in constanta
•srl for sale in craiova
•another srl for sale in craiova
Avem de vanzare mai multe companii care indeplinesc conditiile pentru a solicita fonduri structurale - deci, se poate castiga 1 an sau mai mult prin cumpararea actiunilor - companiile sunt in regula (curate) - vom face toate operatiunile pentru dumneavoastra si va vom apara interesele in calitate de client.
•srl de vanzare in constanta,
•srl de vanzare in craiova,
•un alt srl de vanzare in craiova.
contact frjacobs@telenet.be
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